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the Venetian school

  • 1 Venetian

    [və'ni:ʃən]
    - academic.ru/114031/Venetian_blind">Venetian blind
    * * *
    Ve·netian
    [vəˈni:ʃən]
    adj inv venezianisch
    the \Venetian School die venezianische Schule
    * * *
    [vI'niːSən]
    1. adj
    venezianisch
    2. n
    Venezianer( in) m(f)
    * * *
    Venetian [vəˈniːʃn]
    A adj venezianisch:
    Venetian blind Jalousie f;
    Venetian glass Muranoglas n;
    Venetian red Venezianischrot n (Farbe);
    Venetian-red venezianischrot;
    Venetian window ARCH venezianisches Fenster
    B s
    1. Venezianer(in)
    2. pl, auch venetians pl Jalousieschnur f
    3. (ein) geköperter Wollstoff

    English-german dictionary > Venetian

  • 2 Venetian

    Ve·netian [vəʼni:ʃən] adj
    venezianisch;
    the \Venetian School die venezianische Schule

    English-German students dictionary > Venetian

  • 3 Venetian

    [vɪ'niːʃn] 1.
    aggettivo veneziano
    2.
    nome veneziano m. (-a)
    * * *
    [və'ni:ʃən]
    * * *
    Venetian /vəˈni:ʃn/
    A a.
    1 veneziano: (pitt.) Venetian school, scuola veneziana
    2 veneto: the Venetian plain, la pianura veneta
    B n.
    veneziano; veneziana: She's married to a Venetian, ha sposato un veneziano
    ● venetian blind, (tenda alla) veneziana □ Venetian glass, vetro di Murano □ Venetian lace, merletto di Burano □ Venetian red, rosso di Venezia □ (archit.) Venetian window, finestra neoclassica (o palladiana).
    * * *
    [vɪ'niːʃn] 1.
    aggettivo veneziano
    2.
    nome veneziano m. (-a)

    English-Italian dictionary > Venetian

  • 4 escuela

    f.
    school.
    hacer escuela to have a following
    ser de la vieja escuela to be of the old school
    escuela de arte school of art, art school
    escuela de comercio business school
    escuela de hostelería catering school
    escuela Oficial de Idiomas = Spanish State language-teaching institute
    escuela privada private school
    escuela pública state school
    escuela taurina bullfighting school
    escuela universitaria = section of a university which awards diplomas in a vocational discipline (e.g. engineering, business) after three years of study
    escuela de verano summer school
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: escolar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: escolar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) school
    2 (experiencia) experience, instruction
    \
    ser de la vieja escuela to be of the old school
    tener buena escuela to be well trained
    escuela de artes y oficios Technical College
    escuela de conducir driving school
    escuela de idiomas language school
    escuela nocturna night school
    escuela privada private school, GB public school
    escuela pública state school
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=colegio) school

    ir a la escuela — [alumno, maestro] to go to school

    escuela de párvulos — nursery school, kindergarten

    escuela de primera enseñanza, escuela elemental — primary school

    escuela privada — private school, independent school

    escuela pública — state school, public school (EEUU)

    escuela secundaria — secondary school, high school (EEUU)

    2) (=centro de enseñanza) [gen] school; Chile (=facultad) faculty, school

    escuela de baile — school of dancing, dance school

    Escuela de Bellas Artes — art school, art college

    escuela de chóferes — LAm driving school

    escuela de comercio — business school, school of business studies

    escuela de conductores — LAm driving school

    escuela de manejo — Méx driving school

    escuela laboral — technical school, trade school

    escuela taller — vocational training centre

    escuela universitaria — university college offering diploma rather than degree courses

    buque 1), granja
    3) * (=clases) school

    mañana no hay o no tenemos escuela — there's no school tomorrow

    4) (=formación) experience
    5) (=movimiento) school
    see COLEGIO ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS The Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas are state-run language schools which offer tuition in a wide range of foreign languages. Examinations are also open to external candidates and the Certificado de la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas, the final qualification, is recognized all over Spain.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( institución) school

    la escuela de la vida — the school o university of life

    b) ( edificio) school
    c) ( facultad) faculty, school
    d) (como adj inv)

    hotel escuela — hotel school, training hotel

    2) ( formación) coaching, training
    3) (de pensamiento, doctrinas) school

    ha creado escuela — his theories (o ideas etc) have many followers

    * * *
    = day school, school, college, seedbed.
    Ex. This boy has never been to day school or Sunday school, can't read but he is said to be one of the best workers in the room.
    Ex. Many infant and junior schools have books in the entrance hall and in the corridors as well as in the classrooms.
    Ex. Special colleges were established offering technical and practical programs for farmers and laborers.
    Ex. The article has the title 'The last thirty years as the seedbed of the future'.
    ----
    * archivo de escuela = school records.
    * dentro de la escuela = in-school.
    * después de la escuela = after-school hours, after-school time.
    * director de escuela = school principal.
    * en la escuela = at school.
    * escuela convencional = mainstream school.
    * escuela de biblioteconomía = library school.
    * escuela de biblioteconomía reconocida = accredited library school.
    * escuela de biblioteconomía y documentación = LIS school.
    * escuela de buceo = diving school, scuba diving school.
    * escuela de capacitación = training school.
    * escuela de enseñanza primaria = primary school.
    * escuela de equitación = riding school.
    * escuela de formación = training school.
    * escuela de formación profesional = vocational school.
    * escuela de gestión = business school.
    * escuela de negocios = business school.
    * escuela de niños menores = infant school.
    * escuela de pago = public school.
    * escuela de pensamiento = school of thought.
    * escuela de pequeños = infant school.
    * escuela de primaria = primary school.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * escuela de submarinismo = diving school, scuba diving school.
    * escuela dominical = Sunday school.
    * escuela primaria = lower school, elementary school, grade school, primary school.
    * escuela privada = public school.
    * escuela rural = rural school.
    * escuela secundaria = junior school, middle school, upper school.
    * escuela taller = technical school.
    * escuela universitaria de biblioteconomía y documentación (EUBYD) = school of librarianship and information science (SLIS).
    * expediente académico de la escuela = high school record.
    * granja escuela = animal farm.
    * horas después de la escuela = after-school hours, after-school time.
    * ir a la escuela = go to + school.
    * junta de dirección de la escuela = school board.
    * maestro de escuela = school teacher.
    * más hambre que un maestro de escuela = as hungry as a wolf, as hungry as a bear, as hungry as a hunter.
    * patio de la escuela = schoolyard [school yard].
    * problema en la escuela = school problem.
    * relacionado con la escuela = school-related.
    * vieja escuela, la = old school, the.
    * violencia en la escuela = school violence.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( institución) school

    la escuela de la vida — the school o university of life

    b) ( edificio) school
    c) ( facultad) faculty, school
    d) (como adj inv)

    hotel escuela — hotel school, training hotel

    2) ( formación) coaching, training
    3) (de pensamiento, doctrinas) school

    ha creado escuela — his theories (o ideas etc) have many followers

    * * *
    = day school, school, college, seedbed.

    Ex: This boy has never been to day school or Sunday school, can't read but he is said to be one of the best workers in the room.

    Ex: Many infant and junior schools have books in the entrance hall and in the corridors as well as in the classrooms.
    Ex: Special colleges were established offering technical and practical programs for farmers and laborers.
    Ex: The article has the title 'The last thirty years as the seedbed of the future'.
    * archivo de escuela = school records.
    * dentro de la escuela = in-school.
    * después de la escuela = after-school hours, after-school time.
    * director de escuela = school principal.
    * en la escuela = at school.
    * escuela convencional = mainstream school.
    * escuela de biblioteconomía = library school.
    * escuela de biblioteconomía reconocida = accredited library school.
    * escuela de biblioteconomía y documentación = LIS school.
    * escuela de buceo = diving school, scuba diving school.
    * escuela de capacitación = training school.
    * escuela de enseñanza primaria = primary school.
    * escuela de equitación = riding school.
    * escuela de formación = training school.
    * escuela de formación profesional = vocational school.
    * escuela de gestión = business school.
    * escuela de negocios = business school.
    * escuela de niños menores = infant school.
    * escuela de pago = public school.
    * escuela de pensamiento = school of thought.
    * escuela de pequeños = infant school.
    * escuela de primaria = primary school.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * escuela de submarinismo = diving school, scuba diving school.
    * escuela dominical = Sunday school.
    * escuela primaria = lower school, elementary school, grade school, primary school.
    * escuela privada = public school.
    * escuela rural = rural school.
    * escuela secundaria = junior school, middle school, upper school.
    * escuela taller = technical school.
    * escuela universitaria de biblioteconomía y documentación (EUBYD) = school of librarianship and information science (SLIS).
    * expediente académico de la escuela = high school record.
    * granja escuela = animal farm.
    * horas después de la escuela = after-school hours, after-school time.
    * ir a la escuela = go to + school.
    * junta de dirección de la escuela = school board.
    * maestro de escuela = school teacher.
    * más hambre que un maestro de escuela = as hungry as a wolf, as hungry as a bear, as hungry as a hunter.
    * patio de la escuela = schoolyard [school yard].
    * problema en la escuela = school problem.
    * relacionado con la escuela = school-related.
    * vieja escuela, la = old school, the.
    * violencia en la escuela = school violence.

    * * *
    A
    todavía no va a la escuela she hasn't started school yet
    la escuela de la vida the school o university of life
    2 (edificio) school
    3 ( Chi) (facultad) faculty, school
    la Escuela de Medicina the Medical Faculty o School
    granja escuela college farm
    hotel escuela hotel school, training hotel
    alto1 (↑ alto (1)), buque
    Compuestos:
    school of architecture
    ballet school
    art school, art college
    ● escuela de conductores or choferes
    ( AmL) driving school
    riding school
    ( AmL) driving school
    infant school
    primary school
    summer school
    ( RPl) school for children with special needs, special school
    military academy
    naval academy
    night school
    teachers' college ( AmE), teacher training college ( BrE)
    primary school
    public school ( AmE), state school ( BrE)
    technical college
    technical college
    B (formación) coaching, training
    juega bien pero le falta escuela he's a good player but he needs more coaching
    C (de pensamiento, doctrinas) school
    ha creado escuela his theories ( o ideas etc) have many followers
    es de la vieja escuela she's one of the old school
    la escuela flamenca the Flemish school
    * * *

     

    escuela sustantivo femenino
    school;
    escuela de conductores or choferes (AmL) driving school;

    escuela militar/naval military/naval academy;
    escuela pública public (AmE) o (BrE) state school;
    Eescuela de Medicina Medical Faculty o School
    escuela sustantivo femenino school
    escuela naval, naval academy
    buque escuela, training ship

    ' escuela' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    academia
    - antes
    - buque
    - colegio
    - conserje
    - dirigir
    - egresar
    - elemental
    - pizarra
    - recreo
    - aula
    - auto-escuela
    - clase
    - dirección
    - director
    - el
    - funcionamiento
    - fundación
    - fundar
    - hacer
    - inscribir
    - matón
    - merienda
    - monitor
    - normal
    - patio
    - picadero
    - pinta
    - plantel
    - politécnico
    - profesor
    - trabajo
    English:
    busing
    - college
    - disruptive
    - drop out
    - finishing school
    - grade school
    - janitor
    - junior school
    - master
    - primary
    - public school
    - saint
    - school
    - schoolmaster
    - schoolmistress
    - schoolteacher
    - staff college
    - state school
    - teacher
    - art
    - convenient
    - elementary
    - foot
    - get
    - go
    - grade
    - infant
    - intermediate
    - junior
    - military
    - past
    - public
    - settle
    - state
    - technical
    * * *
    1. [establecimiento] school;
    ir a la escuela to go to school;
    no pudo ir a la escuela she was unable to go to school;
    aprendió en la escuela de la vida she's a graduate of the university o school of life
    escuela de arte school of art, art school;
    escuela de artes y oficios = college for the study of arts and crafts;
    Am escuela de choferes driving school;
    escuela de comercio business school;
    CSur escuela diferencial school for children with special needs, special school; Cuba escuela elemental Br primary school, US elementary school;
    escuela de equitación riding school;
    escuela hípica (horse)riding school;
    escuela de hostelería catering school;
    escuela de magisterio Br teacher training college, US teacher's college;
    Am escuela de manejo driving school;
    escuela normal teacher training college;
    Escuela Oficial de Idiomas = Spanish State language-teaching institute;
    escuela de párvulos kindergarten;
    escuela primaria Br primary school, US elementary school;
    escuela privada private school, Br public school;
    escuela pública Br state school, US public school;
    escuela de secretariado secretarial college;
    escuela secundaria Br secondary school, US high school;
    escuela taurina bullfighting school;
    escuela de turismo school of tourism;
    escuela universitaria = section of a university which awards diplomas in a vocational discipline (e.g. engineering, business) after three years of study;
    escuela de verano summer school
    2. [enseñanza, conocimientos] training;
    tiene talento, pero le falta escuela he's talented, but he still has a lot to learn
    3. [de artista, doctrina] school;
    la escuela cervantina the school of Cervantes;
    hacer escuela to have a following;
    su forma de jugar al fútbol hizo escuela his style of football gained quite a following;
    ser de la vieja escuela to be of the old school
    escuela de pensamiento school of thought
    * * *
    f school;
    crear escuela fig create a trend;
    de la vieja escuela fig of the old school
    * * *
    : school
    * * *
    escuela n school

    Spanish-English dictionary > escuela

  • 5 школа

    school (и муз., лит.,изк.)
    школа за езда riding-school
    школаза запасни офицери a military school for reserve officers
    човек от старата школа a man of the old school.; hair-clasp/-slide
    * * *
    шко̀ла,
    ж., -и school (и муз., лит., изк.); \школаа за запасни офицери military school for reserve officers; \школаа по езда riding school.
    * * *
    school (лит. изк.): He is of the old школа - Той е от старата школа, the Venetian школа - венецианската школа; gradus (муз.)
    * * *
    1. school (и муз., лит.,изк.) 2. ШКОЛА за езда riding-school 3. ШКОЛАза запасни офицери a military school for reserve officers 4. човек от старата ШКОЛА a man of the old school.;hair-clasp/- slide

    Български-английски речник > школа

  • 6 школа

    I
    (1. направление в искусстве; 2. название известных художественных центров) School

    английская, венецианская и т. п. школа (в искусстве) — the British, the Venetian, etc., School

    II

    благотворительная школа для бедных, руководимая миссионерами — mission-school

    школа для детей во время каникул (в США, обычно в здании церкви, где дети обычных школ в течение недели получают некоторые сведения по религии; в основном же приобщаются к ремёслам, рукоделию, а тж. играют) — bible school

    школа, принимающая учащихся независимо от религ. принадлежности — nonsectarian school

    Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > школа

  • 7 школа

    ж.
    (в разн. знач.) school; (о здании тж.) schoolhouse*

    начальная школа — elementary / primary school

    средняя школа, школа-десятилетка — secondary school; high school, ten-year school (from the age of 7—17)

    вечерняя школа — evening-school, night-school

    ходить в школу — go* to school

    отдать в школу (вн.) — send* to school (d.)

    окончить школу — leave* school

    романтическая, классическая и т. п. школа ( в литературе) — the romantic, classical, etc., school

    венецианская, английская и т. п. школа ( в живописи) — the Venetian, the British, etc., school

    суровая школа жизни — the hard / stern school of life

    пройти суровую жизненную школу — pass through the hard / stern school of life

    человек старой школы — a man* of the old school

    пройти хорошую школу — get* systematic training, be well trained; (перен.) gain wisdom by experience

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > школа

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 blind

    1. adjective
    1) blind [Person, Tier]

    a blind man/woman — ein Blinder/eine Blinde

    as blind as a bat — stockblind (ugs.)

    go or become blind — blind werden

    turn a blind eye [to something] — (fig.) [bei etwas] ein Auge zudrücken

    2) (Aeronaut.)

    blind landing/flying — Blindlandung, die/Blindflug, der

    3) (unreasoning) blind [Vorurteil, Weigerung, Gehorsam, Vertrauen]
    5) (not ruled by purpose) blind [Wut, Zorn]; dunkel [Instinkt]; kopflos [Panik]
    2. adverb

    the pilot had to fly/land blind — der Pilot musste blind fliegen/landen

    3. noun
    1) (screen) Jalousie, die; (of cloth) Rouleau, das; (of shop) Markise, die
    2) (Amer. Hunting): (hide) Jagdschirm, der
    3) (pretext) Vorwand, der; (cover) Tarnung, die

    be a blind for something — als Tarnung für etwas dienen

    4) pl. the blind: die Blinden Pl.

    it's [a case of] the blind leading the blind — (fig.) das ist, wie wenn ein Blinder einen Lahmen [spazieren]führt

    4. transitive verb
    (lit. or fig.) blenden

    be blinded — (accidentally) das Augenlicht verlieren

    blind somebody with science — jemanden mit großen Worten beeindrucken

    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not able to see: a blind man.) blind
    2) ((with to) unable to notice: She is blind to his faults.) blind
    3) (hiding what is beyond: a blind corner.) unübersichtlich
    4) (of or for blind people: a blind school.) Blinden-...
    2. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a screen to prevent light coming through a window etc: The sunlight is too bright - pull down the blinds!)
    2) (something intended to mislead or deceive: He did that as a blind.) der Vorwand
    3. verb
    (to make blind: He was blinded in the war.) blind machen
    - academic.ru/84686/blinding">blinding
    - blindly
    - blindness
    - blind alley
    - blindfold     4. verb
    (to put a blindfold on (some person or animal).) die Augen verbinden
    5. adjective, adverb
    (with the eyes covered by a cloth etc: She came blindfold into the room.) mit verbundenen Augen
    - blind spot
    - the blind leading the blind
    * * *
    [blaɪnd]
    I. n
    1. BRIT (awning) Markise f
    2. (indoor window shade) [Lamellen]vorhang m, Jalousie f
    roller \blind Jalousie f, Rollo nt, Rollladen m SCHWEIZ
    Venetian \blind [Stab]jalousie f
    3. (cloaking) Tarnung f
    4. (pretext) Vorwand m, Alibi nt; (to mask emotion) Fassade f; (for illegal activities) Vertuschung f
    5. (people who can't see)
    ▪ the \blind pl die Blinden pl
    a newspaper for the \blind eine Zeitung für Blinde
    6.
    ▶ it's a case of the \blind leading the \blind ( prov) der Blinde will den Lahmen führen
    ▶ the one-eyed man is king in the country of the \blind esp BRIT ( prov) unter Blinden ist der Einäugige König prov
    II. vt
    ▪ to \blind sb jdn blind machen; (temporarily) sun, light jdn blenden
    to be \blinded by [or with] tears blind vor Tränen sein
    2. ( fig: impress)
    ▪ to \blind sb jdn blenden
    to \blind sb with science jdn mit seinem Wissen beeindrucken
    ▪ to be \blinded by sb/sth sich akk von jdm/etw blenden lassen
    his prejudices \blinded him to the fact that he was being illogical seine Vorurteile täuschten ihn über seinen Mangel an Logik hinweg
    to be \blinded by love blind vor Liebe sein
    III. adj
    1. (sightless) blind
    to go \blind erblinden, blind werden
    to be \blind in one eye auf einem Auge blind sein
    to be \blind to a colour eine Farbe nicht richtig wahrnehmen können
    2. ( fig: unable to perceive) blind
    ▪ to be \blind to sth etw nicht bemerken
    3. pred ( fig: unprepared) auf gut Glück
    he went into the interview \blind er ging unvorbereitet ins Interview
    4. pred esp BRIT ( fig: without reserve) rückhaltlos
    he swore \blind that he had locked the door er versicherte hoch und heilig, die Tür verschlossen zu haben
    5. ( fig: lack judgement) blind
    \blind acceptance/devotion bedingungslose Akzeptanz/Hingabe
    \blind anger [or rage] /jealousy blinde Wut/Eifersucht
    \blind obedience blinder Gehorsam
    6. (concealed) verborgen, versteckt
    \blind curve schwer einsehbare Kurve
    7. (closed) pipe blind; (walled up) door, window blind
    8. attr esp BRIT ( fam: any, the least)
    he hasn't done a \blind bit of work since lunch er hat seit dem Mittagessen noch keinen Handschlag getan [o Finger gerührt]
    to not take a \blind [or the \blindest] bit of notice of sth etw überhaupt nicht beachten
    it doesn't matter what I say, she doesn't take a \blind bit of notice egal, was ich sage, sie hört überhaupt nicht zu
    not a \blind bit of it kein bisschen, keine Spur fam
    9.
    ▶ to be as \blind as a bat ( fam) so blind wie ein Maulwurf sein
    ▶ love is \blind Liebe macht blind
    ▶ to turn a \blind eye to sth etw ignorieren, vor etw dat die Augen verschließen
    IV. adv
    1. (without sight) blind
    to fly \blind blind fliegen
    to taste wines \blind Weine kosten, ohne aufs Etikett zu schauen
    2. FOOD
    to bake sth \blind etw blind [o ohne Füllung] backen
    3.
    to be \blind drunk stockbetrunken sein fam
    * * *
    [blaɪnd]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= sightless) blind

    to go blind — erblinden, blind werden

    a blind man/woman — ein Blinder/eine Blinde

    2) (fig to beauty, charm etc) blind (to für, gegen)

    to be blind to sb's faults —

    she remained blind to the fact that... — sie sah einfach nicht, dass...

    3) (fig: lacking judgement) obedience, passion blind; fury, panic also hell

    blind with passion/rage — blind vor Leidenschaft/Wut

    4) (= vision obscured) corner unübersichtlich → blind spot
    See:
    → blind spot
    5) (Brit inf)

    it's not a blind bit of use trying to persuade him —

    6) (= false) door, window blind
    7) (= without exit) passage ohne Ausgang, blind endend attr; (= without windows and doors) wall ohne Fenster und Türen
    2. vt
    1) (= make blind light, sun) blenden
    2) (sun, light) blenden
    3) (fig love, hate etc) blind machen (to für, gegen); (wealth, beauty) blenden
    3. n
    1)

    it's the blind leading the blind (fig) — das hieße, einen Lahmen einen Blinden führen lassen

    2) (= window shade cloth) Rollo nt, Rouleau nt; (slats) Jalousie f; (outside) Rollladen m
    3) (= cover) Tarnung f
    4) (fig sl: booze-up) Sauferei f (inf)
    5) (US: hide) Versteck nt
    4. adv
    1) (AVIAT) fly blind
    2) (COOK)
    3)
    * * *
    blind [blaınd]
    A adj (adv blindly)
    1. a) blind:
    a blind man ein Blinder;
    blind in one eye auf einem Auge blind;
    are you blind? hast du keine Augen im Kopf?;
    go blind blind werden, erblinden
    b) Blinden…:
    2. fig blind (to gegen[über]), verständnislos:
    love is blind Liebe macht blind;
    blind to one’s own defects den eigenen Fehlern gegenüber blind;
    blind fury ( oder rage) blinde Wut;
    blind with fury blind vor Wut;
    a) ein Auge zudrücken,
    b) sich den Tatsachen verschließen;
    a) bei etwas ein Auge zudrücken,
    b) etwas bewusst ignorieren
    3. fig blind, unbesonnen, wahllos:
    blindly auch blindlings;
    blind bargain unüberlegter Handel;
    blind chance blinder Zufall;
    blind faith blindes Vertrauen;
    have blind faith in sb jemandem blind vertrauen
    blind interpretation, blind rating (Statistik etc) blinde Auswertung
    5. zwecklos, ziellos, leer:
    blind excuse faule Ausrede;
    blind pretence (US pretense) Vorwand m
    6. verdeckt, verborgen, geheim, auch WIRTSCH, TECH kaschiert:
    blind floor ARCH Blend-, Blindboden m;
    blind staircase Geheimtreppe f;
    blind vein (Bergbau) blinde Erzader
    7. schwer erkennbar oder verständlich:
    blind copy TYPO unleserliches Manuskript;
    blind corner unübersichtliche Kurve oder Ecke;
    blind hole (Golf) Blind Hole n (Loch, dessen Grün man beim Annäherungsschlag nicht sehen kann);
    blind letter unzustellbarer Brief
    8. ARCH blind, nicht durchbrochen:
    blind arch Bogenblende f;
    9. BOT blütenlos, taub
    10. FOTO nur gegen blaues, violettes und ultraviolettes Licht empfindlich (Film)
    11. matt, nicht poliert
    12. umg blau (betrunken):
    blind to the world sternhagelvoll
    13. Br umg it doesn’t make the blindest bit of difference das macht nicht den geringsten Unterschied;
    he didn’t take a blind bit of notice er nahm nicht die geringste Notiz (davon);
    it’s not a blind bit of use es hat überhaupt keinen Zweck;
    he hasn’t done a blind bit of work yet er hat noch keinen Handschlag oder Strich getan;
    I haven’t got a blind idea ich hab keinen blassen Schimmer
    B v/t
    1. a) blind machen:
    the accident blinded him er verlor durch den Unfall das Augenlicht;
    be blinded das Augenlicht verlieren;
    he was blinded in his left eye er wurde auf dem linken Auge blind
    b) blenden (auch fig:
    with mit):
    blind sb with science jemanden mit seinem (Fach)Wissen beeindrucken
    2. jemandem die Augen verbinden
    3. fig mit Blindheit schlagen, verblenden, blind machen (to für, gegen):
    blind o.s. to facts sich den Tatsachen verschließen
    4. verdunkeln, das Licht nehmen (dat)
    5. Straßenbau: mit Kies oder Erde ausfüllen
    6. TECH mattieren
    C v/i
    1. AUTO Br sl rasen
    2. → eff 2
    D s
    1. the blind koll die Blinden pl:
    it’s a case of the blind leading the blind das ist, wie wenn ein Blinder einen anderen führt;
    among the blind the one-eyed man is king (Sprichwort) unter den Blinden ist der Einäugige König
    2. a) Rollladen m
    b) Rouleau n, Rollo n
    c) besonders Br Markise f: → Venetian A
    3. pl Scheuklappen pl
    4. fig
    a) Vorwand m
    b) (Vor)Täuschung f
    c) Tarnung f
    5. umg Strohmann m
    6. JAGD besonders US Deckung f
    7. sl Sauferei:
    go (out) on a blind eine Sauftour machen
    E adv
    1. blind: → fly1 B 2, swear B 3
    2. fig blindlings
    3. blind drunk umg sternhagelvoll:
    get blind drunk umg sich sinnlos volllaufen lassen
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) blind [Person, Tier]

    a blind man/woman — ein Blinder/eine Blinde

    go or become blind — blind werden

    turn a blind eye [to something] — (fig.) [bei etwas] ein Auge zudrücken

    2) (Aeronaut.)

    blind landing/flying — Blindlandung, die/Blindflug, der

    3) (unreasoning) blind [Vorurteil, Weigerung, Gehorsam, Vertrauen]
    5) (not ruled by purpose) blind [Wut, Zorn]; dunkel [Instinkt]; kopflos [Panik]
    2. adverb

    the pilot had to fly/land blind — der Pilot musste blind fliegen/landen

    3. noun
    1) (screen) Jalousie, die; (of cloth) Rouleau, das; (of shop) Markise, die
    2) (Amer. Hunting): (hide) Jagdschirm, der
    3) (pretext) Vorwand, der; (cover) Tarnung, die
    4) pl. the blind: die Blinden Pl.

    it's [a case of] the blind leading the blind — (fig.) das ist, wie wenn ein Blinder einen Lahmen [spazieren]führt

    4. transitive verb
    (lit. or fig.) blenden

    be blinded — (accidentally) das Augenlicht verlieren

    English-german dictionary > blind

  • 10 blind

    1. adjective
    1) (not able to see: a blind man.) ciego
    2) ((with to) unable to notice: She is blind to his faults.) ciego, que no se da cuenta de algo
    3) (hiding what is beyond: a blind corner.) sin visibilidad
    4) (of or for blind people: a blind school.) para invidentes/ciegos

    2. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a screen to prevent light coming through a window etc: The sunlight is too bright - pull down the blinds!) persiana
    2) (something intended to mislead or deceive: He did that as a blind.) pretexto, evasiva, subterfugio

    3. verb
    (to make blind: He was blinded in the war.) cegar, volver ciego
    - blindly
    - blindness
    - blind alley
    - blindfold
    4. verb
    (to put a blindfold on (some person or animal).) vendar los ojos (a)

    5. adjective, adverb
    (with the eyes covered by a cloth etc: She came blindfold into the room.) con los ojos vendados
    - the blind leading the blind
    blind1 adj ciego
    blind2 n persiana
    can you pull the blind down? ¿puedes bajar la persiana?
    tr[blaɪnd]
    1 ciego,-a
    1 (on window) persiana
    1 cegar, dejar ciego,-a
    2 (dazzle) deslumbrar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    blind in one eye tuerto,-a
    blind with jealousy ciego,-a con los celos
    blind with rage ciego,-a de ira
    in the kingdom of the blind the one eyed man is king en el reino de los ciegos el tuerto es rey
    to bake blind cocer sin el relleno
    to be as blind as a bat no ver ni torta
    to be blind drunk estar borracho,-a, como una cuba
    to be blind to something figurative use estar inconsciente de algo, no darse cuenta de algo
    to blind somebody with science deslumbrar a alguien con sus conocimientos
    to get blind drunk ponerse ciego,-a, coger una tajada
    to go blind quedarse ciego,-a
    to turn a blind eye figurative use hacer la vista gorda, hacerse el sueco
    blind alley callejón nombre masculino sin salida
    blind corner curva sin visibilidad
    blind date cita a ciegas
    blind man ciego
    blind man's buff el juego de la gallina ciega
    blind spot punto ciego
    blind ['blaɪnd] vt
    1) : cegar, dejar ciego
    2) dazzle: deslumbrar
    blind adj
    1) sightless: ciego
    2) insensitive: ciego, insensible, sin razón
    3) closed: sin salida
    blind alley: callejón sin salida
    1) : persiana f (para una ventana)
    2) cover: escondite m, escondrijo m
    adj.
    • ciego, -a adj.
    • ebrio, -a adj.
    • oculto, -a adj.
    • persiana adj.
    n.
    • blinda s.f.
    • celosía s.f.
    • escondite s.m.
    • pantalla s.f.
    • persiana s.f.
    • pretexto s.m.
    • venda s.f.
    expr.
    • dejar ciego, -a expr.
    v.
    • cegar v.
    • deslumbrar v.
    • obcecar v.

    I blaɪnd
    1)
    a) ( Med) ciego

    to be blind in one eye — ser* tuerto

    to be blind to something — no ver* algo

    how could I have been so blind? — ¿cómo pude haber sido tan ciego?

    b) ( Auto) < corner> de poca visibilidad
    2) (lacking reason, judgment) <faith/fury> ciego
    3) (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    II
    a) ( permanently) dejar ciego
    b) \<\<ambition/passion\>\> cegar*, enceguecer* (AmL); \<\<light/wealth\>\> deslumbrar, encandilar

    III
    1) ( outside window) persiana f; ( roller blind) persiana f (de enrollar), estor m (Esp); ( venetian blind) persiana f veneciana or de lamas
    2) ( blind people) (+ pl vb)

    the blind — los ciegos, los invidentes (frml)

    it's a case of the blind leading the blind — tan poco sabe el uno como el otro


    IV
    adverb (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    to swear blind that... — jurar y perjurar que...

    to be blind drunk — estar* más borracho que una cuba (fam)

    [blaɪnd]
    1. ADJ
    1) (lit) (=sightless) ciego

    a blind man — un ciego, un hombre ciego

    • to go blind — quedar(se) ciego

    • blind in one eye — tuerto

    • the accident left him blind — el accidente lo dejó ciego

    • to be blind with tears — estar cegado por las lágrimas

    - as blind as a bat
    - turn a blind eye to sth
    colour-blind
    2) (fig) (=unable to see) ciego

    • to be blind to sth — no poder ver algo

    3) (=irrational) [rage, panic, faith] ciego

    • to be blind with rage — estar cegado por la ira, estar ciego de ira

    4)

    • a blind bit of sth * —

    5) (Aer) [landing, flying] guiándose solo por los instrumentos
    6) (=without openings) [building, wall] ciego; [window] condenado
    2. N
    1)

    • the blind — los ciegos

    2) (=shade) persiana f

    • Venetian blind — persiana f veneciana

    3) (=pretence) pretexto m, subterfugio m
    3.
    ADV (=fly, land) guiándose solo por los instrumentos

    • to bake pastry blind — cocer una masa en blanco or sin relleno

    • to be blind drunk * — estar más borracho que una cuba *

    • he swore blind that... — juró y perjuró que...

    4. VT
    1) (=render sightless) dejar ciego, cegar

    • to be blinded in an accident — quedar ciego después de un accidente

    2) (=dazzle) [sun, light] deslumbrar, cegar

    • to blind sb with science — deslumbrar a algn con conocimientos

    3) (fig) cegar

    • to be blinded by anger/hate — estar cegado por la ira/el odio, estar ciego de ira/odio

    • her love blinded her to his faults — su amor no le dejaba ver sus faltas

    5.
    CPD

    blind alley N — callejón m sin salida

    blind corner N — curva f sin visibilidad

    blind date N — (=meeting) cita f a ciegas

    blind man's buff N — gallina f ciega

    blind spot N — (Aut) ángulo m muerto; (Med) punto m ciego

    I have a blind spot about computers, computers are a blind spot with me — los ordenadores no son mi punto fuerte

    blind test N — (Marketing) prueba f a ciegas

    blind trust N — (Comm) fideicomiso m ciego

    * * *

    I [blaɪnd]
    1)
    a) ( Med) ciego

    to be blind in one eye — ser* tuerto

    to be blind to something — no ver* algo

    how could I have been so blind? — ¿cómo pude haber sido tan ciego?

    b) ( Auto) < corner> de poca visibilidad
    2) (lacking reason, judgment) <faith/fury> ciego
    3) (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    II
    a) ( permanently) dejar ciego
    b) \<\<ambition/passion\>\> cegar*, enceguecer* (AmL); \<\<light/wealth\>\> deslumbrar, encandilar

    III
    1) ( outside window) persiana f; ( roller blind) persiana f (de enrollar), estor m (Esp); ( venetian blind) persiana f veneciana or de lamas
    2) ( blind people) (+ pl vb)

    the blind — los ciegos, los invidentes (frml)

    it's a case of the blind leading the blind — tan poco sabe el uno como el otro


    IV
    adverb (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    to swear blind that... — jurar y perjurar que...

    to be blind drunk — estar* más borracho que una cuba (fam)

    English-spanish dictionary > blind

  • 11 maître

    maître°, maîtresse [mεtʀ, mεtʀεs]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = patron) master
    • rester maître de soi to keep one's self-control(PROV) tel maître, tel chien(PROV) like master or like owner, like dog
    ► être + maître
       b. ( = enseignant) teacher
       c. ( = titre) Maître term of address to lawyers etc ; (à un musicien) Maestro
    • Maître X ( = avocat) Mr (or Mrs) X
    2. feminine noun
       a. ( = amante) mistress
       b. ( = enseignante) teacher
    • maîtresse ! please Miss!
    3. adjective
       a. ( = principal) main ; [carte] master
    ► maître artisan master craftsman ; ( = boulanger) master baker
    ► maître/maîtresse de ballet ballet master/mistress
    ► maître de conférences (University) ≈ lecturer (Brit), ≈ assistant professor (US)
    ► maître/maîtresse d'école teacher
    ► maître d'hôtel [de maison] butler ; [d'hôtel, restaurant] head waiter
    ► maîtresse de maison housewife ; ( = hôtesse) hostess
    * * *

    1.
    - esse mɛtʀ, ɛs adjectif

    être maître de soi — ( calme) to have self-control

    2) ( principal)

    maître ouvrage or œuvre maîtresse — magnum opus


    2.
    nom masculin, féminin
    1) École teacher
    2) ( de maison) master/mistress
    3) ( d'animal) owner

    3.
    nom masculin
    1) ( dirigeant)

    être (le) seul maître à bord — lit, fig to be in sole command

    être son propre maître — to be one's own master/mistress

    2) ( expert)

    Hitchcock, le maître du suspense — Hitchcock, the master of suspense

    coup de maître — masterstroke; grand

    3) (guide, enseignant) master
    4) Art, Littérature master
    5) ( titre) Maître
    6) Jeux
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••
    * * *
    mɛtʀ, mɛtʀɛs (-esse)
    1. nm/f
    1) [région, peuple] ruler

    être maître de [soi-même, la situation] — to be in control of

    se rendre maître de [pays, ville] — to gain control of, [situation, incendie] to bring under control

    2) [domestique, esclaves, chien] master (mistress)
    3) ÉDUCATION primary school teacher
    4) (= artisan, artiste) master
    2. nm
    term of address for lawyers etc
    3. nf
    (= amante) mistress
    4. adj
    1) (atout) master
    2)
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( en contrôle) être maître de soi ( libre) to be one's own master; ( calme) to have self-control; être maître de sa vie to be one's own man/woman; ne plus être maître de soi to have lost all self-control; être maître de ses émotions to keep one's emotions under control; être maître chez soi to be master in one's own house; être maître du destin de qn to have sb's fate in one's hands; être maître de son (propre) destin to be master of one's destiny; devenir/redevenir maître de son destin to take/regain control of one's destiny; être maître de la situation to be in control of the situation; rester maître de la décision to retain control over the decision; être maître de son véhicule/la balle to be in control of one's vehicle/the ball; se rendre maître d'une ville/d'un navire to take over a city/a ship; ⇒ charbonnier;
    2 ( principal) idée maîtresse key idea; maître mot catchword; maître ouvrage or œuvre maîtresse magnum opus; qualité maîtresse main quality; maîtresse branche, branche maîtresse Bot limb; être passé maître dans l'art de qch/de faire to be a past master of sth/at doing; être maître dans l'art du récit/de négocier to be a master of narrative/at negotiating; maîtresse femme high-powered woman.
    B nm,f
    1 Scol teacher; notre maîtresse est dehors our teacher is outside; maîtresse! ( pour l'appeler) please, miss!;
    2 ( de maison) master/mistress; la maîtresse des lieux the mistress ou lady of the house; maîtres et valets upstairs and downstairs;
    3 ( d'animal) owner; ( de chien) master; un chat et sa maîtresse a cat and its owner; un chien et son maître a dog and its master; sans maître ownerless.
    C nm
    1 ( dirigeant) être (le) seul maître à bord lit, fig to be in sole command; être le maître du pays/de la ville to rule the country/the city; le maître du Kremlin/du monde the ruler of the Kremlin/of the world; être maître de faire to be free to do; être son propre maître to be one's own master/mistress; régner en maître to reign (sur over); régner en maître absolu to reign supreme (sur over); décider en maître to have the final say; être le maître du jeu to have the upper hand; avoir l'oreille du maître to have the boss's ear; ⇒ serviteur;
    2 ( expert) tu es un maître you're an expert; Hitchcock, le maître du genre/du suspense Hitchcock, the master of the genre/of suspense; maître consommé/reconnu consummate/acknowledged master; en maître masterfully; joué de main de maître played in a masterly fashion; coup de maître masterstroke; ⇒ grand;
    3 (guide, enseignant) master; Platon est mon seul maître Plato is my only master;
    4 Art, Littérat master; les maîtres anversois/vénitiens the Antwerp/Venetian masters; les maîtres de la littérature mondiale the masters of world literature; Maître de 1518/de Flémalle Master of 1518/of Flémalle; ⇒ petit;
    5 ( titre) Maître; comment allez-vous, cher maître? how are you, dear Maître?;
    6 Mil, Naut ( grade) ≈ chief petty officer, CPO; ⇒ premier;
    7 Jeux être maître à carreau/pique to hold the master card in diamonds/spades.
    D maîtres nmpl Scol teachers; parents et maîtres parents and teachers; grève des maîtres teachers' strike.
    1 ( amante) mistress; avoir de nombreuses maîtresses to have many mistresses;
    2 †( bien-aimée) lover†.
    maître d'armes Sport fencing instructor; maître auxiliaire, MA Scol secondary teacher without tenure; maître des cérémonies master/mistress of ceremonies, MC; maître chanteur Mus meistersinger; maître de chapelle kapellmeister; maître de chœur choirmaster/choirmistress; maître de conférences Univ ≈ senior lecturer GB, associate professor US; poste de maître de conférences ≈ senior lectureship GB, associate professorship US; maître d'école† schoolmaster†; maître d'équipage Chasse master of foxhounds, MFH; Naut boatswain; maître des forges ironmaster; maître d'hôtel maître d'hôtel GB, maître d' US; maître d'internat ≈ housemaster; maître de manège riding instructor; maître de musique† music master†/mistress†; maître d'œuvre Constr project manager; maître d'ouvrage ( privé) employer; ( public) contracting authority; maître à penser mentor; maître de recherches senior researcher; maîtresse d'école Scol schoolmistress†; maîtresse d'internat Scol ≈ housemistress; maîtresse de maison lady of the house.
    trouver son maître to meet one's match; nul ne peut servir deux maîtres a man cannot serve two masters.
    ( féminin maîtresse) [mɛtr, mɛtrɛs] adjectif
    l'idée maîtresse du texte the main theme ou central idea in the text
    [le plus important] main
    2. [dans des noms de métiers]
    maître boulanger/forgeron master baker/blacksmith
    maître compagnon ≃ master craftsman
    maître coq ou queux chef
    ————————
    , maîtresse [mɛtr, mɛtrɛs] nom masculin, nom féminin
    1. [personne qui contrôle] master ( feminine mistress)
    ils sont maintenant installés ou ils agissent en maîtres dans le pays they are now ruling the country, they have taken command of the country
    être maître d'une situation/de son véhicule to be in control of a situation/of one's vehicle
    a. [d'un pays] to take ou seize control of
    b. [d'une personne] to bring under control
    c. [d'un incendie] to get under control
    à la maison, c'est lui le maître he's (the) boss at home
    être ou rester maître de faire quelque chose to be free to do something
    2. [professeur]
    maître (d'école), maîtresse (d'école) teacher, schoolteacher
    Maîtresse, j'ai trouvé! Miss (UK) ou teacher (US), I know the answer!
    maître/maîtresse de ballet ballet master/mistress (UK), ballet teacher
    ————————
    nom masculin
    1. [dans des noms de fonctions]
    maître de conférences ≃ (senior) lecturer (UK), ≃ assistant professor (US)
    a. [particulier] client (of an architect)
    b. [organisme public] contracting authority
    2. [expert] master
    3. ART & LITTÉRATURE & PHILOSOPHIE master
    maître à penser mentor, guru, intellectual model
    6. [titre]
    Maître Suzanne Thieu Mrs. (ou Miss) Suzanne Thieu
    Maître Dulles, avocat à la cour ≃ Mr. Dulles QC (UK) ou member of the Bar (US)
    cher Maître, à vous! [à un musicien] Maestro, please!
    ————————
    maîtresse nom féminin
    [d'un homme] mistress
    ————————
    de maître locution adjectivale
    1. [qui appartient à un riche particulier]
    2. [exécuté par un grand artiste]
    un tableau ou une toile de maître an old master
    pour un coup d'essai, c'est un coup de maître for a first attempt, it was brilliant
    maître chanteur nom masculin
    1. [qui menace] blackmailer
    maître d'hôtel nom masculin
    [dans un restaurant] maître (d'hôtel), headwaiter
    [chez un particulier] butler
    maître d'hôtel locution adjectivale
    maître d'œuvre nom masculin
    le Premier ministre est le maître d'œuvre de l'accord signé hier the Prime Minister was the architect of the agreement that was signed yesterday

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > maître

  • 12 blind

    1. adjective
    1) (not able to see: a blind man.) slep
    2) ((with to) unable to notice: She is blind to his faults.) slep (za)
    3) (hiding what is beyond: a blind corner.) nepregleden
    4) (of or for blind people: a blind school.) za slepe
    2. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a screen to prevent light coming through a window etc: The sunlight is too bright - pull down the blinds!) roleta
    2) (something intended to mislead or deceive: He did that as a blind.) zvijača
    3. verb
    (to make blind: He was blinded in the war.) oslepiti
    - blindly
    - blindness
    - blind alley
    - blindfold     4. verb
    (to put a blindfold on (some person or animal).) zakriti oči
    5. adjective, adverb
    (with the eyes covered by a cloth etc: She came blindfold into the room.) z zakritimi očmi
    - the blind leading the blind
    * * *
    I [blaind]
    adjective ( blindly adverb)
    (to za) slep, zaslepljen; neviden, neopazen; skrit, tajen; jalov; nepremišljen, prenagljen; topoglav, nepoučen; slang pijan; botany brez cveta
    blind alley — slepa ulica; figuratively zagata; mrtvi tir
    blind-alley occupation — poklic, ki nima bodočnosti
    anatomy blind gut — slepič
    blind (drunk), blind to the world — pijan ko žolna
    to go at s.th. blind — na slepo srečo se česa lotiti
    blind leaders of the blind — tisti, ki dajejo nasvet v stvareh, ki jih sami ne razumejo
    as blind as a mole ( —ali a beetle, an owl) — čisto slep
    to get on s.o.'s blind side — izrabiti slabo stran koga
    blind pig, blind tiger — nedovoljena točilnica
    to turn a blind eye to s.th. — delati se slepega za kaj
    blind side — nezavarovana, slaba stran
    II [blaind]
    transitive verb & intransitive verb
    oslepiti; zastreti
    figuratively preslepiti, ukaniti; slepo se lotiti; slang to blind along — brezobzirno voziti, divjati
    III [blaind]
    noun
    zaslonka; plašnica; senčnik; žaluzija, roleta

    English-Slovenian dictionary > blind

  • 13 master

    ['mɑːstə] 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) хозяин, владелец; господин

    to be master of smth. — владеть, обладать чем-л.

    The dog saved its master's life. — Собака спасла жизнь своему хозяину.

    Syn:
    owner, boss I 1., lord 1.
    б) победитель; лучший (в какой-л. области), кумир

    In this young, obscure challenger the champion found his master. — Этот юный неприметный претендент оказался лучше самого чемпиона.

    Syn:
    2) диал. глава семьи, хозяин дома; муж
    Syn:
    3)
    а) специалист, знаток своего дела
    б) мастер; квалифицированный рабочий
    в) великий художник, мастер
    •
    Syn:
    4) брит.
    а) уст. (школьный) учитель ( о мужчинах-учителях)
    •
    Syn:
    6) мор.
    а) = master mariner капитан торгового судна

    The first mate was studying to become a master. — Помощник капитана проходил курс обучения, чтобы стать капитаном.

    Syn:
    ship's captain, skipper, commanding officer
    Syn:
    7) ( The Master) Христос
    8)
    а) оригинал; образец
    в) информ. мастер-диск
    ••

    to be one's own master — быть самостоятельным, независимым

    to be master of oneself — владеть собой, держать себя в руках

    2. прил.
    1) главный, старший; основной, господствующий

    master aerodrome — воен. основной аэродром

    master station — радио ведущая, задающая радиопеленгаторная станция

    Syn:
    2)
    а) искусный; квалифицированный; спорт. на профессиональном уровне
    Syn:
    б) отличный, превосходный, высшего качества
    Syn:
    в) разг. законченный, отпетый

    He is a master liar. — Он законченный лгун.

    3) основной, главный; сводный
    Syn:

    Keep one as a master copy for your own reference and circulate the others. — Сохраните одну копию для себя, а остальные передайте другим.

    master form — тех. копир; шаблон

    3. гл.
    1)
    а) одолевать; справляться; преодолевать

    to master completely / thoroughly — полностью преодолеть

    You must learn to master your temper. — Ты должен учиться справляться со своим характером.

    Deep grief masters me. — Меня одолевает глубокая печаль.

    Syn:
    б) приручать ( животного), приучать; подчинять себе
    Syn:
    break I 2., tame 2.
    2)
    а) овладевать, усваивать

    He could never master mathematics. — Он никогда не мог справиться с математикой.

    He has mastered at last the difference between "would" and "should". — Наконец-то он понял, в чем разница между "would" и "should".

    Syn:

    He had mastered every aspect of publishing. — Он постиг все секреты издательского дела.

    3) руководить, управлять

    It was a magnificent school, magnificently mastered. (Daily News) — Это была замечательная школа, управление которой осуществлялось не менее замечательно.

    4) тех. видоизменять, трансформировать, модифицировать; умерять
    Syn:
    5) записывать мастер-диск (о видеозаписи, звукозаписи, программном обеспечении)

    Англо-русский современный словарь > master

  • 14 blind

    1. adjective
    1) (not able to see: a blind man.) cego
    2) ((with to) unable to notice: She is blind to his faults.) cego
    3) (hiding what is beyond: a blind corner.) sem visibilidade
    4) (of or for blind people: a blind school.) de cegos
    2. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a screen to prevent light coming through a window etc: The sunlight is too bright - pull down the blinds!) estore
    2) (something intended to mislead or deceive: He did that as a blind.) subterfúgio
    3. verb
    (to make blind: He was blinded in the war.) cegar
    - blindly
    - blindness
    - blind alley
    - blindfold     4. verb
    (to put a blindfold on (some person or animal).) vendar
    5. adjective, adverb
    (with the eyes covered by a cloth etc: She came blindfold into the room.) de olhos vendados
    - the blind leading the blind
    * * *
    [blaind] n 1 cego. 2 cortina, veneziana, anteparo. 3 biombo, o que esconde alguma coisa. 4 pretexto, subterfúgio. 5 Amer esconderijo, tocaia. 6 antolhos de cavalo. 7 sl bêbado. • vt 1 cegar. 2 escurecer, obscurecer. 3 encobrir, esconder. 4 confundir, desconcertar. 5 ofuscar, deslumbrar. 6 eclipsar, sobrepujar, exceder. • adj 1 cego. 2 inconsciente. 3 encoberto, escondido. 4 feito às cegas, irracional. 5 insensível, apático. 6 sem abertura, sem saída. 7 com uma só abertura. 8 secreto. 9 para cegos, de cegos. 10 Bot sem flor. 11 ininteligível, ilegível. 12 opaco, sem brilho. among the blind a one-eyed man is king na terra de cegos quem tem um olho é rei. in a blind fury alucinado de raiva. stone-blind totalmente cego. to turn a blind eye to something ignorar alguma coisa, fechar os olhos diante de. Venetian blind veneziana. when the devil is blind no dia de São Nunca.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > blind

  • 15 blind

    [blaɪnd] 1. adj
    niewidomy, ślepy

    blind (to) fig — ślepy (na +acc)

    2. n
    ( for window) roleta f; (also: Venetian blind) żaluzja f

    to turn a blind eye (on/to) — przymykać (przymknąć perf) oko (na +acc)

    3. vt
    oślepiać (oślepić perf); ( deaden) zaślepiać (zaślepić perf)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not able to see: a blind man.) niewidomy
    2) ((with to) unable to notice: She is blind to his faults.) ślepy
    3) (hiding what is beyond: a blind corner.) przysłaniający, niewidoczny
    4) (of or for blind people: a blind school.) dla niewidomych
    2. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a screen to prevent light coming through a window etc: The sunlight is too bright - pull down the blinds!) żaluzja, zasłona
    2) (something intended to mislead or deceive: He did that as a blind.) zasłona dymna, kamuflaż
    3. verb
    (to make blind: He was blinded in the war.) oślepić
    - blindly
    - blindness
    - blind alley
    - blindfold     4. verb
    (to put a blindfold on (some person or animal).) zawiązać oczy
    5. adjective, adverb
    (with the eyes covered by a cloth etc: She came blindfold into the room.) z zawiązanymi oczyma
    - the blind leading the blind

    English-Polish dictionary > blind

См. также в других словарях:

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  • Venetian school — any of various groups of artists identified with Venice throughout the history of Italian art but most notably the painters of the 18th century, as Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Francesco Guardi, and Antonio Canaletto. [1740 50] * * * Renaissance… …   Universalium

  • Venetian school — any of various groups of artists identified with Venice throughout the history of Italian art but most notably the painters of the 18th century, as Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Francesco Guardi, and Antonio Canaletto. [1740 50] * * * Venetian… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Founder of the Venetian School of Painting — Giovanni Bellini …   Eponyms, nicknames, and geographical games

  • The Vatican —     The Vatican     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Vatican     This subject will be treated under the following heads:     I. Introduction; II. Architectural History of the Vatican Palace; III. Description of the Palace; IV. Description of the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Venetian — The term Venetian may refer to:*Venetian language * Venice (disambiguation) *Venetian Gothic architecture, originated in the 14th century *Venetians in Movement, an Italian political party * Venetia, disambiguation * Veneto, region of Italy *… …   Wikipedia

  • Venetian Slovenia — ( sl. Beneška Slovenija, it. Slavia Veneta or Slavia Friulana, fu. Sclavanie) is a small mountainous region in northeastern Italy, in the area between the towns of Cividale del Friuli ( sl. Čedad), Tarcento ( sl. Čenta) and Gemona ( sl. Humin)… …   Wikipedia

  • Venetian literature — is the corpus of literature in Venetian, the vernacular language of the region which roughly corresponding to Venice from the twelfth century. The Venetian literature, after an initial period of splendour in the sixteenth century with the success …   Wikipedia

  • The Gondoliers — or The King of Barataria , is a Savoy Opera, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on December 7 1889, and ran for a very successful 554 performances (at that time the fifth longest runnin …   Wikipedia

  • The Saint of Dragons — is a fantasy novel by Jason Hightman. It is his first book and the first of a series, the second of which is called Samurai. PremiseThe premise of the novel is that Dragons (also known as Serpents, Serpentines, Pyrothraxes or Draconians) are in… …   Wikipedia

  • The Benedictine Order —     The Benedictine Order     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Benedictine Order     The Benedictine Order comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as black monks . The order will be considered in this article under… …   Catholic encyclopedia

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